What is MARSHA? Marriott's Automated Reservation System for Hotel Accommodations (MARSHA) Marriott's Automated Reservation System for Hotel Accommodations (MARSHA) is proprietary and is known in the hospitality industry as one of the best reservations systems in the world, a leader in the industry. MARSHA's Inventory Management functionality has been updated over the years to fully support our most sophisticated Inventory Management processes. We are continually enhancing the system to ensure that our hotels have the information and functionality they need to maximize their revenue.
The system was created from United Airlines’ Westron system and used for Westin Hotels. It was first introduced into Marriott Hotels and Resorts in May of 1984. Since then, the system has been significantly enhanced into the industry leader that it is today. Who or What uses MARSHA?
MARSHA enables all of our Reservation Associates to make reservations at any property within the Marriott portfolio of brands. It is also used as an Inventory & Revenue management system by the Revenue Leaders at each property or controlling office. MARSHA allows our local and worldwide reservations centers as well as travel agencies and internet users to make reservations at any Marriott hotel world-wide. MARSHA is also directly linked to the Marriott.com website.
An individual Guest can book/change/cancel reservations and receive email confirmation of their reservations directly through the Internet at www.Marriott.com. A rate which is available in MARSHA is available on Marriott.com. MARSHA is linked with the global distribution systems (GDS) operated by major airlines and travel organizations, offering real-time availability. What MARSHA doesn’t do MARSHA does not act as a billing or guest accounting system. You can not check-in or check-out a Guest reservation within MARSHA – only through the Property Management System (PMS). Once the Guest has checked-in to the Hotel, there is no way of knowing within MARSHA how much he spent for dinner.
There is also no function which will enable you to track Guest stay data. LOCATOR DISPLAYS MARSHA gives you the ability to access information on every property in the system. The hotel informational displays that you can view for your hotel can also be accessed for other properties. This is how reservation sales agents sell property’s services even though they have never been to your property. It is easy to access this information, they only need is your property’s MARSHA code. As you can see, the information on each property includes:.
Property name. MARSHA code. Two-letter code for the brand. Property location type code.
Short description of the property’s location (limited to 44 characters) What you see in MARSHA The properties for each city will usually be listed in the following order. The two-letter code for the brand follows in parenthesis:. Marriott Hotels, Resorts & Suites (MC). Renaissance Hotels, Resorts & Suites (BR). Conference Centers (CC). Courtyard (CY).
Residence Inn (RI). Marriott Vacation Club (MV). TownePlace Suites (TS). SpringHill Suites (SH). Fairfield Inn (FI). Ritz-Carlton (RZ). Marriott Executive Apartments (ER).
AC Hotels (AR). Autograph Collection (AK). Edition (EB). Execustay (EE) THANK YOU.
DBT is a comprehensive, modular-based intervention for complex and difficult-to-treat disorders. The skills training component of DBT teaches behavioral skills designed to increase resilience, facilitate acceptance and change, and ultimately build a life experienced as worth living. DBT skills have been shown to be mediators of outcome across a range of clinical targets and populations. This 3-day workshop will provide instruction and experiential practice in the DBT mindfulness skills and introduce updated and new applications of skills in the areas of emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal effectiveness.
Participants will learn skills suitable for application as stand-alone skills or in conjunction with other therapy components. Dr Marsha Linehan will be supported by Dr Kathryn Korslund during these three-day workshops. Marsha Linehan, Ph.D., ABPP, is a Professor of Psychology, Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, USA. Linehan has spent her career in a clinical setting, conducting research projects developing new treatments and evaluating their efficacy for severely disordered and multi-diagnostic populations. Her primary research is in the application of behavioral models to suicidal behaviours, drug abuse, and borderline personality disorder. She has an on-going clinical practice and is active in clinical consultation, supervision, and training of mental health professionals in the United States and Europe. Dr Linehan is developing efficacious models for transferring effective treatments from the research academy to the clinical community.
Linehan has authored and co authored multiple books, including treatment manuals: Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder, DBT with suicidal Adolescents, Asserting Yourself and many more. Kathryn Korslund, Ph.D., ABPP will be supporting Dr Linehan during these two workshops. She is a Research Scientist in the Department of Psychology at the University of Washington and the Associate Director of the Behavioral Research and Therapy Clinics. She is a Co-Investigator with Dr. Marsha Linehan on several federally funded clinical research studies evaluating the efficacy of behavioral treatments for suicidal behavior, substance dependence, and borderline personality disorder.
Korslund is a Diplomate of the American Board of Professional Psychology and a Fellow of the American Academy of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. Korslund is an internationally recognized authority on Dialectical Behavior Therapy and has conducted DBT training and consultation for professionals and mental health systems throughout the world.
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She brings a wealth of knowledge and insight to these workshops. Morning/afternoon tea and/or lunch can be ordered separately from the actual workshop registration. These optional refreshments are provided by the event venue in each city and by allowing participants to order them separately allows Byron Clinic to keep the cost of the workshop as affordable as possible. Each venue is centrally located within easy walking distance of a number of food outlets and choices.
You can order morning/afternoon teas and/or lunch either simultaneously with your workshop registration or as a separate order at a later point in time. For those who order them, morning/afternoon teas include tea, freshly-brewed coffee and juices, along with a selection of pastries.
Lunch will include the Chef’s daily selection of sandwiches, wraps and/or rolls, cake and/or biscuits, a selection of fruit, served buffet style along with tea and coffee. Please note that vegetarian and gluten free options will be available. Other specialty dietary needs can not be catered for. Tea and coffee will only be available at lunch to those participants at lunch time who have ordered lunch in advance. Byron Clinic Pty Ltd provides a Certificate of Attendance to each workshop attendee. Certificates will be completed using the given name at the point of initial online registration and payment. These will be distributed as a hard copy to participants prior to the conclusion of the workshop.
It is the attendee’s responsibility to ensure that they have their Certificate of Attendance at the time of distribution. This workshop should accrue a minimum of 11 hours of learning. Certificates of attendance at this Professional Development activity will be distributed at the workshop. For CPD points for specific organisations, please see:,. Please ensure that you have received your certificate prior to the end of the workshop. Requests for duplicate certificates after this period will incur an administration fee.
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If you are a Gmail user, please also check your “Social” and “Promotions” tabs in your Inbox. Why can’t I use another payment method? Byron Clinic’s entire accounting and workshop processing is based on payment by credit card. This has consistently proven to be the most popular, efficient and cost-effective means of handling online payments, registrations and workshop administration. What is the Administration & Processing Fee?
The Byron Clinic Administration & Processing Fee is based on the fees paid to the banks and credit card providers and on Byron Clinic’s administrative and payment processing costs. Does Byron Clinic offer Group or Student Discounts? No, the only discounts available are our time-based booking windows: ‘keen’, ‘early’, ‘standard’ etc. The earlier you book, the lower the registration fee.
Marriott Automated Reservation System for Hotel Accommodations (MARSHA) with state-of-the-art technologies, including open systems architecture and networking, high-performance storage management and business continuity capabilities. To fully utilize these capabilities, Marriott integrated MARSHAwith all of the company’s key business applications and made its entire inventory available as a single image in real-time across all channels. This seamless multi-brand, multi-channel integration enables Marriott to offer its Look No Further® Best Rate Guarantee – the lodging industry’s only truly worldwide rate guarantee – stating that Marriott guests will always get the lowest available rate when booking through any Marriott channel. Marriott also ensured that MARSHA’s real-time requirements could scale easily to meet the accelerated needs of Internet-enabled sales channels, which were presenting the company with look-to-book ratios of 100-to-1 or greater. By comparison, traditional reservation center channels and global distribution systems had presented Marriott with look-to-book ratios of only 5-to-1 and 10-to-1, respectively. With MARSHA’s core technology functioning effectively by the early 2000s, Marriott took its reservations and marketing strategy a step further by developing an infrastructure roadmap to support Marriott’s overall eCommerce objectives. Anticipating the Internet boom, Marriott was one of the first lodging companies to commit to enabling customers to conduct significant business online.
In 2003, Marriott successfully completed an aggressive 11-month upgrade to its entire Internet technology architecture and operating environment, expanding Marriott.com’s scale, scope and functionality to enable rapid responses to changing business needs. Marriott’s online enhancements provided leading-edge personalization and a robust shopping experience for online visitors, combined with better analytical and marketing capabilities to help Marriott.CHAPTER 1 Introduction Hotel & Resort is a place used for relaxation or recreation, attracting visitors for holidays or vacations. Resorts are places, towns or sometimes commercial establishment operated by a single company. An establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis.
The provision of basic accommodation, in times past, consisting only of cottages, a room with a bed has largely been replaced by rooms with modern facilities, including en-suite bathrooms and air conditioning or climate control, function hall for events, spa and an in-house restaurant. The cost and quality of hotel & resorts are usually indicative of the range and type of services available.
Due to the enormous increase in tourism worldwide during the last decades of the 20th century, standards especially those of smaller establishments have improve considerably. Today, many systems have used an automation process like using online computer system, due to the efficiency and accuracy. “Online Hotel & Resort Reservation System” is a transaction processing system that has more advantages rather than a manual Hotel & Resort Reservation. Prior to the Internet, travelers could write, telephone the hotel directly, or use a travel agent to make a reservation. Nowadays, hotel &.Chapter 1 Introduction A hotel is an establishment that accommodates people. The hotel can also be a place where tourist can stay for a limited time. Renault on board computer manual.
In a hotel the workers are always smiling and polite. The system of the business today have many innovations and advancements, one of the example is the computerization. We cannot deny that we are now in much more technologically improvement and especially for business, shifting from manual process to automation and computerize. There are many of businesses today that use the existing manual process for different reasons and purposes, hotel business is not exception. Millions of business available here in the region, hotel are consistent this kind of business requires lots of investments and proper usage of assets and resources and to back it up with advanced type of business system will surely aid in its success. And the main purpose of this study is focuses on to have the hotel efficient business in a way of giving the users convenience and help to increase the contribution in a field of IT and society. Background of the Study In the time of Monding De Guzman, the mayor before Bayani Fernando, the building is existing but only it is just a tenement housing for employees.
And the building was left behind. After that there are many proposal and feasibility study.technology, while an important area of study in its own right, is having a major impact across all curriculum areas. As internet technology has improved, so have online reservation systems.
Today, it is possible through online, to make a reservation for a hotel anywhere in the world. Hotels can create Web site and post new content on it every day. Technology has gone a long way, improving the lives of people.
These technological breakthroughs have lots to offer, making great things in the easiest, fastest and efficient possible ways you can think of. Online hotel Reservation is very useful for the people especially for socials that they can now easily reserve a room in a hotel through online Internet. Easy worldwide communication provides instant access to a vast array of data. Today, many web sites are thoroughly used in the world of technology. One of these is the e-commerce where you can buy items through the internet.
Another is the new trending site called online hotel reservation which is designed to help people make hotel reservation through the internet. This is a faster and easier way for customers to book in a hotel wherever they are. This case study involves a conducted research and making of a good design in the web. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The existence of many.Online Hotel Reservation System Supervisor Mr. November 2012 Abstract Our project is carried out to develop a web-based application called Online Hotel Reservation System. The purposes of building the Online Hotel Reservation System are for guests to make online reservations and for hotel personnel to manage reservations, housekeeping matters and content of the web application. Problems with the current system which were discovered during business studies are time-consuming reservation process, ambiguity view of hotel condition, static content in online system and lack of housekeeping management system.The Online Hotel Reservation System is significant to optimize the potential of the system, which offer the speed and convenience of one-stop availability check, instant purchase and confirmation in reservation process.
The system to be developed would also allow staff to manage housekeeping matters and update all data on the Internet, 24 hours a day, without involving a web designer. Research on this project is conducted by visiting the websites of various hotels and material on hotel reservation all from the.Nowadays, computer systems are very useful in our everyday life. It helps us focus on other things that we need to do. Computerized Systems has very useful role in our everyday life; it helps us do our work fast and easy. Computer Systems helps increase work efficiency in companies with the help of computers and a number of highly useful software.
Computer processing is the explanation of how information gets from the user to the computer. You input information into the computer via the input device (keyboard) the the information is stored in temporary memory. When it leaves the temporary memory, the Processor acts as the Sergeant and passes the instructions to the various parts of the computer.
Computerized hotel reservation and billing system is very useful on every hotels. The proponents decided to develop a computerized hotel reservation and billing system with SMS Technology for Elison Hotel which is located atBalanga City, Bataan. Statement of the Problem Every company has a problem that can be solved with the help of different countermeasures through the help of peoples that have expertise to the problem that is being spotted. Manual systems have many deficiencies that make it a big problem to every company. The year where computerized system nowadays that we used should be.
Systems Analysis and Design Details Overview of the Proposed System Writing report cards for students is an overwhelming experience for novice and experienced teachers. Reports cards are usually done three times a year in elementary schools and 3-4 times for high school students. Teachers must evaluate and record student’s marks and then decide on honest comments in regards to the student’s weaknesses and strengths. Teachers are often given limited space for commences and their comments are evaluated by principals, and they decide to reject or accept the comments.
The purpose of this database system is to give convenience for the teachers in making report cards of their students; by this system teachers won’t need calculators anymore in computing the grades of the students because this system will compute the grades and average grade of the students. Plus faster, faster, easy and more suitable way of finding student’s file as well as you can assure security using this database system. Event 1: Log-in to the grading report system This process describes the instructor when he/she log-in into the system to make new record of student. Event 2: Input/update record This process describes when the instructor input/update record of a student. This is used when there are changes in the record of a student if ever there is a mistake. Event 3: Input.relevant hotel services have been a great demand in a progressive place. This is because many investors or travelers from faraway places seek to find comfort in terms of their accommodation and stay in their certain destination.
Because of this; the modern technology world of hotel accommodation has gone into various level-up stages. There must be a system that will work out to make transactions fast. Accurate and convenient to clients. This system will accept large scale of data without any inconveniences. Hassle-free as it must, the customer and at the same time the management can enjoy the chance of being free from complains when it comes to service provision, in its most accurate way. PURPOSE AND DESCRIPTION Hotel Reservation system is designed to be user friendly that provides flexible accommodation of wide range of requirements.
Hotel Reservation system is created to speech up transaction, and is designed for faster and easy booking online, lesser manpower, and less effort of the clients. OBJECTIVES The main objectives of the study focus on three different scenario; 1. To alleviate the need of having a system that caters hotel reservation.
To provide fast and accurate service to clients. To speed up transactions.Major System Features and Functions The system will automate many of the manual procedures that are being used by management, front desk, and room services at the Hotel Computer Science. After preliminary analysis of the requirement specifications a system with the following functions will best satisfy the needs of the hotel management and staff.
Hotel Management System Overview The following level one data flow diagram characterizes the types of inputs and outputs and the interactions that the staff may expect from the hotel reservation system. Level One Data Flow Diagram Breakdown of the System Modules A more detailed analysis of the modules that will be involved in creating a functional hotel management system reveals the need to break the larger system down into a series of submodules. Each of these submodules has a well defined interface and a series of precise input and output requirements. The following level two data flow diagram breaks down the system more precisely into its component modules. Level Two Data Flow Diagram The following textual description of the major system Features and functions further illustrates the information needs and the output of the various modules depicted in the level two dataflow diagram.
Four noble truths as preached by Buddha are that the life is full of suffering ( Duhkha), that there is a cause of this suffering ( Duhkha-samudaya), it is possible to stop suffering ( Duhkha-nirodha), and there is a way to extinguish suffering ( Duhkha-nirodha-marga). Eight fold Path (astangika-marga) as advocated by Buddha as a way to extinguish the sufferings are right views, right resolve/aspiration, right speech, right action/conduct, right livelihood, right effort right mindfulness and right concentration. Mid-twentieth century saw the collaborations between many psychoanalysts and Buddhist scholars as a meeting between “two of the most powerful forces” operating in the Western mind. Buddhism and Western Psychology overlap in theory and in practice. Over the last century, experts have written on many commonalities between Buddhism and various branches of modern western psychology like phenomenological psychology, psychoanalytical psychotherapy, humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology and existential psychology.
Orientalist Alan Watts wrote ‘if we look deeply into such ways of life as Buddhism, we do not find either philosophy or religion as these are understood in the West. We find something more nearly resembling psychotherapy’.
Buddha was a unique psychotherapist. His therapeutic methods helped millions of people throughout the centuries. This essay is just an expression of what little the current author has understood on Buddha philosophy and an opportunity to offer his deep tribute to one of the greatest psychotherapists the world has ever produced! INTRODUCTION Most of us know the life and basic teachings of Siddhartha or Gautama Buddha since our childhood days. He was born in a royal family at Kapilavastu, on the foot-hills of Himalaya, in the 6 th century BC. The sights of disease, old age and death impressed the young prince with the idea that the world was full of suffering and he renounced the world early in life.
As an ascetic, he was restless in search of the real source of all sufferings and of the path or means of cessation from these sufferings. He sought answers to his questions from many learned scholars and religious teachers of his time, but nothing satisfied him. He practiced great austerities, went through intense meditations with an iron will and a mind free from all disturbing thoughts and passions. He endeavored to unravel the mystery of world's miseries.
Finally, his mission was fulfilled and Prince Siddhartha became Buddha or “Enlightened”. The message of his enlightenment laid the foundation of both the Buddhist religion and philosophy. Like all great teachers of ancient times, Buddha taught by conversation and our knowledge of Buddha's teachings depends on the “Tripitakas” or the three “baskets” of teachings of Gautama Buddha. The third part or “basket“ is known as the Abhidhamma in Pali; and Abhidharma in Sanskrit. Abhidhamma Pitaka articulates simultaneously a philosophy, a psychology, and an ethics, all integrated into the framework of a program for liberation. BUDDHISM AND WESTERN PSYCHOLOGY Assessment of Buddhism in terms of modern western psychology started when British Indologist Rhys Davids translated Abhidhamma Pitaka from Pali and Sanskrit texts in 1900.
She published the book entitled it, “Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics”. In 1914, she wrote another book “Buddhist psychology: An inquiry into the analysis and theory of mind”. The mid-twentieth century saw the collaborations between many psychoanalysts and Buddhist scholars as a meeting between “two of the most powerful forces” operating in the Western mind. A variety of renowned teachers, clinicians and writers in the west such as Carl Jung, Erich Fromm, Alan Watts, Tara Brach, Jack Kornfield, Joseph Goldstein, and Sharon Salzberg among others have attempted to bridge and integrate psychology and Buddhism, from time to time, in a manner that offers meaning, inspiration and healing to the common man's suffering. Buddhism and Western Psychology overlap in theory and in practice. Over the last century, experts have written on many commonalities between Buddhism and the various branches of modern western psychology like phenomenological psychology, psychoanalytical psychotherapy, humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology and existential psychology.
Buddhism and phenomenological psychology Any assessment of Buddhism in terms of psychology is necessarily a modern western invention. Western and Buddhist scholars have found in Buddhist teachings a detailed introspective phenomenological psychology. Rhys Davids in her book “Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics” wrote, “Buddhist philosophy is ethical first and last. Buddhism set itself to analyze and classify mental processes with remarkable insight and sagacity”.
Buddhism's psychological orientation is a theme Rhys Davids pursued for decades as evidenced by her other writings., Abhidhamma Pitaka articulates a philosophy, a psychology, and ethics as well; all integrated into the framework of a program for liberation. The primary concern of the Abhidhamma (or Abhidharma in Sanskrit), is to understand the nature of experience, and thus the reality on which it focuses is conscious reality. For this reason, the philosophical enterprise of the Abhidhamma shades off into a phenomenological psychology. Later on long-term efforts to integrate Abhidhammic psychology with Western empirical sciences have been carried out by other leaders such as Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche and the 14 th Dalai Lama. Buddhism and psychoanalytical psychotherapy Psychoanalyst Carl Jung wrote the foreword to Zen's scholar Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's introduction to Zen Buddhism, first published together in 1948. In his foreword, Jung highlights the enlightenment experience as the unsurpassed transformation to wholeness for Zen practitioners. “The only movement within our culture which partly has, and partly should have, some understanding of these aspirations for such enlightenment is psychotherapy”., Psychoanalysts like Karen Horney and Fritz Perls studied Zen-Buddhism.
Karen Horney was intensely interested in Zen Buddhism during the last years of her life. Richard Wilhelm was a translator of Chinese texts into German language of the I Ching, Tao Te Ching and ‘the secret of the golden flower’, with a forward written by Carl Jung.
R D Laing, another noted psychoanalyst, went to Ceylon, where he spent two months studying meditation in a Buddhist retreat. Later on, he spent time learning Sanskrit and visiting Govinda Lama, who had been a guru to Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert. Suzuki, Fromm and other psychoanalysts collaborated at a 1957 workshop on “Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis” in Cuernavaca, Mexico. In his contribution to this workshop, Fromm declared: “Psychoanalysis is a characteristic expression of the Western man's spiritual crisis, and an attempt to find a solution.
Buddhism and existential psychology Buddha said that life is suffering. Existential psychology speaks of ontological anxiety (dread, angst). Buddha said that suffering is due to attachment. Existential psychology also has some similar concepts.
We cling to things in the hope that they will provide us with a certain benefit. Buddha said that suffering can be extinguished. The Buddhist concept of nirvana is quite similar to the existentialists’ freedom. Freedom has, in fact, been used in Buddhism in the context of freedom from rebirth or freedom from the effects of karma. For the existentialist, freedom is a fact of our being, one which we often ignore.
Finally, Buddha says that there is a way to extinguish suffering. For the existential psychologist, the therapist must take an assertive role in helping the client become aware of the reality of his or her suffering and its roots. Likewise, the client must take an assertive role in working towards improvement–even though it means facing the fears they’ve been working so hard to avoid, and especially facing the fear that they will “lose” themselves in the process.,. Buddhism and cognitive-behavior therapy principles Buddhistic mindfulness practices have been explicitly incorporated into a variety of psychological treatments. More specifically psychotherapies dealing with cognitive restructuring share core principles with ancient Buddhistic antidotes to personal suffering.
Fromm distinguishes between two types of meditative techniques that have been used in psychotherapy: (i) auto-suggestion used to induce relaxation; and (ii) meditation “to achieve a higher degree of non-attachment, of non-greed, and of non-illusion; briefly, those that serve to reach a higher level of being”. Fromm attributes techniques associated with the latter to Buddhist mindfulness practices. Two increasingly popular therapeutic practices using Buddhist mindfulness techniques are Jon Kabat-Zinn's Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR), and Marsha M. Linehan's dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT). Other prominent therapies that use mindfulness include mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and Steven C. Hayes’ Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Mindfulness-based stress reduction Kabat-Zinn developed the 8-week MBSR program over a 10-year-period with over 4,000 patients at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center.
Describing the MBSR program, Kabat-Zinn writes: “This ‘work’ involves above all the regular, disciplined practice of moment-to-moment awareness or mindfulness, the complete ‘owning’ of each moment of your experience, good, bad, or ugly. This is the essence of full catastrophic living.” Kabat-Zinn, a one-time Zen practitioner, goes on to write: “Although at this time, mindfulness meditation is most commonly taught and practiced within the context of Buddhism, its essence is universal. Yet it is no accident that mindfulness comes out of Buddhism, which has as its overriding concerns the relief of suffering and the dispelling of illusions”. Not surprisingly, in terms of clinical diagnoses, MBSR has proven beneficial for people with depression and anxiety disorders; however, the program is meant to serve anyone experiencing significant stress. Dialectical behavioral therapy In writing about DBT, Zen practitioner Linehan states: “As its name suggests, its overriding characteristic is an emphasis on ‘dialectics’ – that is, the reconciliation of opposites in a continual process of synthesis.
This emphasis on acceptance as a balance to change flows directly from the integration of a perspective drawn from the practice of Buddhism with Western psychological practice.” Similarly, Linehan writes: “Mindfulness skills are central to DBT. They are the first skills taught and are reviewed every week. The skills are psychological and behavioral versions of meditation practices from Eastern spiritual training. Linehan has drawn heavily from the practice of Zen.
Controlled clinical studies have demonstrated DBT's effectiveness for people with borderline personality disorder.” Dr. Albert Ellis, has written that many of the principles incorporated in the theory of rational-emotive psychotherapy are not new; some of them were originally stated several thousands of years ago, by Taoist and Buddhistic thinkers.
To give one example, Buddhism identifies anger and ill-will as basic hindrances to spiritual development. A common Buddhistic antidote for anger is the use of active contemplation of loving thoughts. This is similar to using a CBT technique known as “emotional training” which Ellis described. The school of Behaviorism describe (or reduce) human functions to principles of behavior, which can be manipulated to create positive effects in the life of the patient. In the Noble Eightfold Path we see reflections of this approach in the exhortations to Right Action, Right Speech and Right Livelihood. One may consider the story of the Buddha who was approached by a rich but miserly man who wanted to develop his spiritual life but was constrained by his seeming inability to share his wealth with others.
The Buddha addressed this problem by telling him to get into the habit of using his right hand to give his left hand items of value and in doing so learn the art of giving! Cognitive and cognitive-behaviorists focus more on training the mind to review and question assumptions, phobias, fears and beliefs.
These therapists are typically associated with such techniques as visualization and positive self-talk designed to teach, or unlearn, principles that are, respectively, helpful or unhelpful. Again, the noble eightfold path and its focus on right mindfulness and right thinking are the corollary in Buddhist thought. Buddhism and other psychotherapy principles Gestalt Therapy is an approach created by Fritz Perls, based heavily on existentialist philosophy and significantly, Zen Buddhism (among other influences). In Gestalt, the premise is we must work with the whole person, the “gestalt” in German, which echoes the wisdom of Right Understanding.
Its techniques encourage Right Mindfulness, and the focus on the immediate, phenomenological and experiential reality of the here and now, in the physical, emotional and mental realms. David Brazier in his book Zen Therapy makes a thoughtful comparison of some principal Buddhist concepts and person-centered (rogerian) Therapy. Developed by Carl Rogers, this therapeutic approach includes virtually all effective therapy, either in principle or technique. In basic terms, its goal is to provide the patient a safe place, an environment where he or she may express their problems.
The therapist does not direct the process, but works on the assumption the patient has the resources to deal with their own “cure” and self-growth, provided the environment is supportive of them. Like the Buddha, this non-authoritative approach suggests the patient can be “a light unto themselves”. Although the therapist may do little more than provide active and empathic listening, and reflect and validate the thoughts and emotions of the struggling patient, they nonetheless, provide three crucial components for change to occur; unconditional positive regard, empathy and congruence (or genuiness). These are the elements that are considered essential to create an environment where the individual can grow, learn and evolve. This is of particular interest to the Buddhist student who is taught that all suffering stems from the three “bitter roots” or “poisons” of greed, hatred and delusion.
Marsha Reservation System Manual
Brazier demonstrates how, from a therapeutic perspective, Person-Centered Therapy counters each of these “poisons”; empathy is the “antidote” to hate, unconditional positive regard provides a model of acceptance of self and other which counters the grasping, needy nature of greed, and congruence (genuineness) is the opposite of delusion. Delusion itself, as Brazier suggests, could just as well be translated as “incongruence”, the separation of self and mind from what is real and what is present. CONCLUSION Buddha was commonly referred to as “the great physician” and like any therapist, made it his aim to identify, explain and end human suffering.
All therapists do have similar aims. Four Noble Truths are the method to adopt a diagnostic format to explain suffering and its cure; the 1 st Noble Truth identifies the disease, the 2 nd provides etiology, the 3 rd gives a prognosis, and the 4 th suggests a remedy.
Philosopher and Orientalist Alan Watts once wrote: If we look deeply into such ways of life as Buddhism, we do not find either philosophy or religion as these are understood in the West.
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